Add FS #10214. Initial commit of the original PDa code for the GSoC Pure Data plugin project of Wincent Balin. Stripped some non-sourcefiles and added a rockbox readme that needs a bit more info from Wincent. Is added to CATEGORIES and viewers, but not yet to SUBDIRS (ie doesn't build yet)

git-svn-id: svn://svn.rockbox.org/rockbox/trunk@21044 a1c6a512-1295-4272-9138-f99709370657

1 files changed, 1890 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/apps/plugins/pdbox/PDa/src/s_audio_alsa.c b/apps/plugins/pdbox/PDa/src/s_audio_alsa.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..87d7cb929b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/plugins/pdbox/PDa/src/s_audio_alsa.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1890 @@
+/* Copyright (c) 1997-2003 Guenter Geiger, Miller Puckette, Larry Troxler,
+* Winfried Ritsch, Karl MacMillan, and others.
+* For information on usage and redistribution, and for a DISCLAIMER OF ALL
+* WARRANTIES, see the file, "LICENSE.txt," in this distribution.  */
+
+/* this file inputs and outputs audio using the ALSA API available on linux. */
+
+#include <alsa/asoundlib.h>
+
+#include "m_pd.h"
+#include "s_stuff.h"
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sched.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+
+typedef int16_t t_alsa_sample16;
+typedef int32_t t_alsa_sample32;
+#define ALSA_SAMPLEWIDTH_16 sizeof(t_alsa_sample16)
+#define ALSA_SAMPLEWIDTH_32 sizeof(t_alsa_sample32)
+#define ALSA_XFERSIZE16  (signed int)(sizeof(t_alsa_sample16) * DEFDACBLKSIZE)
+#define ALSA_XFERSIZE32  (signed int)(sizeof(t_alsa_sample32) * DEFDACBLKSIZE)
+#define ALSA_MAXDEV 1
+#define ALSA_JITTER 1024
+#define ALSA_EXTRABUFFER 2048
+#define ALSA_DEFFRAGSIZE 64
+#define ALSA_DEFNFRAG 12
+
+#ifndef INT32_MAX
+#define INT32_MAX 0x7fffffff
+#endif
+
+#if (SND_LIB_MAJOR < 1)
+#define ALSAAPI9
+#endif
+
+typedef struct _alsa_dev
+{
+    snd_pcm_t *inhandle;
+    snd_pcm_t *outhandle;
+    int innoninterleave;    /* true if we're set for noninterleaved read */
+    int outnoninterleave;   /* same for write */
+} t_alsa_dev;
+
+t_alsa_dev alsa_device;
+static void *alsa_snd_buf = 0;
+static void **alsa_buf_ptrs;
+static int alsa_samplewidth;
+static snd_pcm_status_t* in_status;
+static snd_pcm_status_t* out_status;
+
+static int alsa_mode;
+static int alsa_buf_samps;  /* believed actual ALSA bufsize in sample frames */
+static int alsa_inchannels;
+static int alsa_outchannels;
+
+/* Defines */
+#define DEBUG(x) x
+#define DEBUG2(x) {x;}
+
+static void alsa_checkiosync( void);
+static void alsa_numbertoname(int devno, char *devname, int nchar);
+
+    /* don't assume we can turn all 31 bits when doing float-to-fix; 
+    otherwise some audio drivers (e.g. Midiman/ALSA) wrap around. */
+#define FMAX 0x7ffff000
+#define CLIP32(x) (((x)>FMAX)?FMAX:((x) < -FMAX)?-FMAX:(x))
+
+/* support for ALSA pcmv2 api by Karl MacMillan<karlmac@peabody.jhu.edu> */ 
+
+static void check_error(int err, const char *why)
+{
+    if (err < 0)
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", why, snd_strerror(err));
+}
+
+/* was: alsa_open_audio(int wantinchans, int wantoutchans, int srate) */
+
+int alsa_open_audio(int naudioindev, int *audioindev, int nchindev,
+    int *chindev, int naudiooutdev, int *audiooutdev, int nchoutdev,
+    int *choutdev, int rate)
+{
+    int err, inchans = 0, outchans = 0, subunitdir;
+    char devname[512];
+    snd_pcm_hw_params_t* hw_params;
+    snd_pcm_sw_params_t* sw_params;
+    snd_output_t* out;
+    int frag_size = (sys_blocksize ? sys_blocksize : ALSA_DEFFRAGSIZE);
+    int nfrags, i;
+    short* tmp_buf;
+    unsigned int tmp_uint;
+    snd_pcm_uframes_t tmp_snd_pcm_uframes;
+    int wantinchans, wantoutchans, devno;
+
+    if (naudioindev >= 2 || naudiooutdev >= 2)
+        post("alsa: only one input and output device allowed (extras ignored");
+    if (naudioindev >= 1 && naudiooutdev >= 1 &&
+        audioindev[0] != audiooutdev[0])
+            post("alsa: changing output device to agree with input device");
+    if (nchindev)
+        wantinchans = chindev[0];
+    else wantinchans = (naudioindev ? 2 : 0);
+    if (nchoutdev)
+        wantoutchans = choutdev[0];
+    else wantoutchans = (naudiooutdev ? 2 : 0);
+    devno = (naudioindev > 0 ? audioindev[0] :
+        (naudiooutdev > 0 ? audiooutdev[0] : 0));
+
+    alsa_numbertoname(devno, devname, 512);
+
+    if (sys_verbose)
+        post("device name %s; channels in %d, out %d", devname, wantinchans,
+            wantoutchans);
+    
+    nfrags = sys_schedadvance * (float)rate / (1e6 * frag_size);
+        /* save our belief as to ALSA's buffer size for later */
+    alsa_buf_samps = nfrags * frag_size;
+
+    if (sys_verbose)
+        post("audio buffer set to %d", (int)(0.001 * sys_schedadvance));
+    
+    alsa_device.innoninterleave = alsa_device.outnoninterleave = 0;
+    if (wantinchans)
+    {
+        err = snd_pcm_open(&alsa_device.inhandle, devname,
+                           SND_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE, SND_PCM_NONBLOCK);
+
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_open (input)");
+        if (err < 0)
+            inchans = 0;
+        else
+        {
+            inchans = wantinchans;
+            snd_pcm_nonblock(alsa_device.inhandle, 1);
+        }
+    }
+    if (wantoutchans)
+    {
+        err = snd_pcm_open(&alsa_device.outhandle, devname,
+                           SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK, SND_PCM_NONBLOCK);
+
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_open (output)");
+        if (err < 0)
+            outchans = 0;
+        else
+        {
+            outchans = wantoutchans;
+            snd_pcm_nonblock(alsa_device.outhandle, 1);
+        }
+    }
+    if (inchans)
+    {
+        if (sys_verbose)
+            post("opening sound input...");
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_malloc(&hw_params);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_malloc (input)");
+    
+        // get the default params
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_any(alsa_device.inhandle, hw_params);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_any (input)");
+
+        /* try to set interleaved access */
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access(alsa_device.inhandle,
+            hw_params, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED);
+        if (err < 0)
+        {
+                /* OK, so try non-interleaved */
+            err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access(alsa_device.inhandle,
+                hw_params, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_NONINTERLEAVED);
+            if (err >= 0)
+            {
+                post("using non-interleaved audio input");
+                alsa_device.innoninterleave = 1;
+            }
+        }
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access (input)");
+        // Try to set 32 bit format first
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(alsa_device.inhandle, hw_params,
+                                           SND_PCM_FORMAT_S32);
+        if (err < 0)
+        {
+            /* fprintf(stderr,
+                "PD-ALSA: 32 bit format not available - using 16\n"); */
+            err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(alsa_device.inhandle, hw_params,
+                                               SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16);
+            check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format (input)");
+            alsa_samplewidth = 2;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            alsa_samplewidth = 4;
+        }
+        post("Sample width set to %d bytes", alsa_samplewidth);
+        // set the subformat
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_subformat(alsa_device.inhandle, hw_params,
+                                              SND_PCM_SUBFORMAT_STD);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_subformat (input)");
+        // set the number of channels
+        tmp_uint = inchans;
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels_min(alsa_device.inhandle,
+                                                 hw_params, &tmp_uint);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels (input)");
+        if (tmp_uint != (unsigned)inchans)
+            post("ALSA: set input channels to %d", tmp_uint);
+        inchans = tmp_uint;
+        // set the sampling rate
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_min(alsa_device.inhandle, hw_params,
+                                             &rate, 0);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_min (input)");
+#if 0
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_get_rate(hw_params, &subunitdir);
+        post("input sample rate %d", err);
+#endif
+        // set the period - ie frag size
+        // post("fragsize a %d", frag_size);
+
+            /* LATER try this to get a recommended period size...
+             right now, it trips an assertion failure in ALSA lib */
+#if 0
+        post("input period was %d, min %d, max %d\n",
+            snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size(hw_params, 0),
+            snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size_min(hw_params, 0),
+            snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size_max(hw_params, 0));
+#endif
+#ifdef ALSAAPI9
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near(alsa_device.inhandle,
+                                                    hw_params, 
+                                                    (snd_pcm_uframes_t)
+                                                    frag_size, 0);
+#else
+        tmp_snd_pcm_uframes = frag_size;
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near(alsa_device.inhandle,
+            hw_params, &tmp_snd_pcm_uframes, 0);
+#endif
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near (input)");
+        // post("fragsize b %d", frag_size);
+        // set the number of periods - ie numfrags
+        // post("nfrags a %d", nfrags);
+#ifdef ALSAAPI9
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_near(alsa_device.inhandle,
+                                                hw_params, nfrags, 0);
+#else
+        tmp_uint = nfrags;
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_near(alsa_device.inhandle,
+            hw_params, &tmp_uint, 0);
+#endif
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_near (input)");
+        // set the buffer size
+#ifdef ALSAAPI9
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_size_near(alsa_device.inhandle,
+                                                hw_params, nfrags * frag_size);
+#else
+        tmp_snd_pcm_uframes = nfrags * frag_size;
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_size_near(alsa_device.inhandle,
+            hw_params, &tmp_snd_pcm_uframes);
+#endif
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_size_near (input)");
+
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params(alsa_device.inhandle, hw_params);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params (input)");
+        
+        snd_pcm_hw_params_free(hw_params);
+        
+        err = snd_pcm_sw_params_malloc(&sw_params);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_sw_params_malloc (input)");
+        err = snd_pcm_sw_params_current(alsa_device.inhandle, sw_params);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_sw_params_current (input)");
+        err = snd_pcm_sw_params_set_start_threshold(alsa_device.inhandle,
+            sw_params, nfrags * frag_size);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_sw_params_set_start_threshold (input)");
+        err = snd_pcm_sw_params_set_stop_threshold(alsa_device.inhandle,
+            sw_params, 0x7fffffff);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_sw_params_set_stop_threshold (input)");
+        err = snd_pcm_sw_params_set_avail_min(alsa_device.inhandle, sw_params,
+                                              frag_size);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_sw_params_set_avail_min (input)");
+        err = snd_pcm_sw_params(alsa_device.inhandle, sw_params);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_sw_params (input)");
+        
+        snd_pcm_sw_params_free(sw_params);
+        
+        snd_output_stdio_attach(&out, stderr, 0);
+#if 0
+        if (sys_verbose)
+        {
+            snd_pcm_dump_hw_setup(alsa_device.inhandle, out);
+            snd_pcm_dump_sw_setup(alsa_device.inhandle, out);
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+
+    if (outchans)
+    {
+        int foo;
+        if (sys_verbose)
+            post("opening sound output...");
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_malloc(&hw_params);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_sw_params (output)");
+
+        // get the default params
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_any(alsa_device.outhandle, hw_params);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_any (output)");
+        // set interleaved access - FIXME deal with other access types
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access(alsa_device.outhandle, hw_params,
+                                           SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access (output)");
+
+            /* try to set interleaved access */
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access(alsa_device.outhandle,
+            hw_params, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED);
+        if (err < 0)
+        {
+                /* OK, so try non-interleaved */
+            err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access(alsa_device.outhandle,
+                hw_params, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_NONINTERLEAVED);
+            if (err >= 0)
+            {
+                post("using non-interleaved audio");
+                alsa_device.outnoninterleave = 1;
+            }
+        }
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access (output)");
+
+
+        // Try to set 32 bit format first
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(alsa_device.outhandle, hw_params,
+                                             SND_PCM_FORMAT_S32);
+        if (err < 0)
+        {
+            err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(alsa_device.outhandle,
+                                               hw_params,SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16);
+            check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format (output)");
+            /* fprintf(stderr,
+                "PD-ALSA: 32 bit format not available - using 16\n"); */
+            alsa_samplewidth = 2;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            alsa_samplewidth = 4;
+        }
+        // set the subformat
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_subformat(alsa_device.outhandle, hw_params,
+                                              SND_PCM_SUBFORMAT_STD);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_subformat (output)");
+        // set the number of channels
+        tmp_uint = outchans;
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels_min(alsa_device.outhandle,
+                                                 hw_params, &tmp_uint);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels (output)");
+        if (tmp_uint != (unsigned)outchans)
+            post("alsa: set output channels to %d", tmp_uint);
+        outchans = tmp_uint;
+        // set the sampling rate
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_min(alsa_device.outhandle, hw_params,
+                                             &rate, 0);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_min (output)");
+#if 0
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_get_rate(hw_params, &subunitdir);
+        post("output sample rate %d", err);
+#endif
+        // set the period - ie frag size
+#if 0
+        post("output period was %d, min %d, max %d\n",
+            snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size(hw_params, 0),
+            snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size_min(hw_params, 0),
+            snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size_max(hw_params, 0));
+#endif
+        // post("fragsize c %d", frag_size);
+#ifdef ALSAAPI9
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near(alsa_device.outhandle,
+                                                    hw_params,
+                                                    (snd_pcm_uframes_t)
+                                                    frag_size, 0);
+#else
+        tmp_snd_pcm_uframes = frag_size;
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near(alsa_device.outhandle,
+            hw_params, &tmp_snd_pcm_uframes, 0);
+#endif
+        // post("fragsize d %d", frag_size);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near (output)");
+        // set the number of periods - ie numfrags
+#ifdef ALSAAPI9
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_near(alsa_device.outhandle,
+                                                hw_params, nfrags, 0);
+#else
+        tmp_uint = nfrags;
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_near(alsa_device.outhandle,
+            hw_params, &tmp_uint, 0);
+#endif
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_near (output)");
+        // set the buffer size
+#ifdef ALSAAPI9
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_size_near(alsa_device.outhandle,
+            hw_params, nfrags * frag_size);
+#else
+        tmp_snd_pcm_uframes = nfrags * frag_size;
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_size_near(alsa_device.outhandle,
+            hw_params, &tmp_snd_pcm_uframes);
+#endif
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_size_near (output)");
+
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params(alsa_device.outhandle, hw_params);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params (output)");
+
+        snd_pcm_hw_params_free(hw_params);
+
+        err = snd_pcm_sw_params_malloc(&sw_params);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_sw_params_malloc (output)");
+        err = snd_pcm_sw_params_current(alsa_device.outhandle, sw_params);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_sw_params_current (output)");
+        err = snd_pcm_sw_params_set_start_threshold(alsa_device.outhandle,
+            sw_params, nfrags * frag_size);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_sw_params_set_start_threshold (output)");
+        err = snd_pcm_sw_params_set_stop_threshold(alsa_device.outhandle,
+            sw_params, 0x7fffffff);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_sw_params_set_stop_threshold (output)");
+        err = snd_pcm_sw_params_set_avail_min(alsa_device.outhandle, sw_params,
+            frag_size);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_sw_params_set_avail_min (output)");
+        err = snd_pcm_sw_params(alsa_device.outhandle, sw_params);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_sw_params (output)");
+        snd_pcm_sw_params_free(sw_params);
+        
+        snd_output_stdio_attach(&out, stderr, 0);
+#if 0
+        if (sys_verbose)
+        {
+            snd_pcm_dump_hw_setup(alsa_device.outhandle, out);
+            snd_pcm_dump_sw_setup(alsa_device.outhandle, out);
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+
+    if (inchans)
+      snd_pcm_prepare(alsa_device.inhandle);
+    if (outchans)
+      snd_pcm_prepare(alsa_device.outhandle);
+
+    // if duplex we can link the channels so they start together
+    if (inchans && outchans)
+      snd_pcm_link(alsa_device.inhandle, alsa_device.outhandle);
+
+    // set up the status variables
+    err = snd_pcm_status_malloc(&in_status);
+    check_error(err, "snd_pcm_status_malloc");
+    err = snd_pcm_status_malloc(&out_status);
+    check_error(err, "snd_pcm_status_malloc");
+
+    // set up the buffer
+    if (alsa_snd_buf)
+        free(alsa_snd_buf);
+    alsa_snd_buf = (void *)malloc(
+        sizeof(char) * alsa_samplewidth * DEFDACBLKSIZE *
+            (outchans > inchans ? outchans : inchans));
+    memset(alsa_snd_buf, 0, sizeof(char) * alsa_samplewidth * DEFDACBLKSIZE *
+            (outchans > inchans ? outchans : inchans));
+        /* make an array of pointers too in case we need them */
+    if (alsa_buf_ptrs)
+        free(alsa_buf_ptrs);
+    alsa_buf_ptrs = (void **)malloc(
+        sizeof(void *) * (outchans > inchans ? outchans : inchans));
+    for (i = 0; i < (outchans > inchans ? outchans : inchans); i++)
+        alsa_buf_ptrs[i] = (t_alsa_sample32 *)alsa_snd_buf + i * DEFDACBLKSIZE;
+
+    // fill the buffer with silence
+    if (outchans)
+    {
+        i = (frag_size * nfrags)/DEFDACBLKSIZE + 1;
+        while (i--)
+        {
+            if (alsa_device.outnoninterleave)
+                snd_pcm_writen(alsa_device.outhandle, alsa_buf_ptrs,
+                    DEFDACBLKSIZE);
+            else snd_pcm_writei(alsa_device.outhandle, alsa_snd_buf,
+                    DEFDACBLKSIZE);
+        }
+                /* confused about this: */
+        /* if ((err = snd_pcm_start(alsa_device.outhandle) < 0))
+            check_error(err, "output start failed\n"); */
+    }
+    else if (inchans)
+    {
+        if (snd_pcm_start(alsa_device.inhandle) < 0)
+            check_error(err, "input start failed\n");
+    }
+    alsa_outchannels = outchans;
+    alsa_inchannels = inchans;
+            
+    return (!(inchans || outchans));
+}
+
+void alsa_close_audio(void)
+{
+    int err;
+    if (alsa_inchannels)
+    {
+        err = snd_pcm_close(alsa_device.inhandle);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_close (input)");
+    }
+    if (alsa_outchannels)
+    {
+        err = snd_pcm_close(alsa_device.outhandle);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_close (output)");
+    }
+}
+
+// #define DEBUG_ALSA_XFER
+
+int alsa_send_dacs(void)
+{
+    static int16_t *sp;
+    static int xferno = 0;
+    static int callno = 0;
+    static double timenow;
+    double timelast;
+    t_sample *fp, *fp1, *fp2;
+    int i, j, k, err, devno = 0;
+    int inputcount = 0, outputcount = 0, inputlate = 0, outputlate = 0;
+    int result; 
+    int inchannels = (sys_inchannels > alsa_inchannels ?
+        alsa_inchannels : sys_inchannels);
+    int outchannels = (sys_outchannels > alsa_outchannels ?
+            alsa_outchannels : sys_outchannels);
+    unsigned int intransfersize = DEFDACBLKSIZE;
+    unsigned int outtransfersize = DEFDACBLKSIZE;
+
+    // get the status
+    if (!inchannels && !outchannels)
+    {
+        return SENDDACS_NO;
+    }
+    
+    timelast = timenow;
+    timenow = sys_getrealtime();
+
+#ifdef DEBUG_ALSA_XFER
+    if (timenow - timelast > 0.050)
+        fprintf(stderr, "(%d)",
+            (int)(1000 * (timenow - timelast))), fflush(stderr);
+#endif
+
+    callno++;
+
+    alsa_checkiosync();     /* check I/O are in sync and data not late */
+
+    if (alsa_inchannels)
+    {
+        snd_pcm_status(alsa_device.inhandle, in_status);
+        if (snd_pcm_status_get_avail(in_status) < intransfersize)
+            return SENDDACS_NO;
+    }
+    if (alsa_outchannels)
+    {
+        snd_pcm_status(alsa_device.outhandle, out_status);
+        if (snd_pcm_status_get_avail(out_status) < outtransfersize)
+            return SENDDACS_NO;
+    }
+
+    /* do output */
+    if (alsa_outchannels)
+    {
+        fp = sys_soundout;
+        if (alsa_samplewidth == 4)
+        {
+            if (alsa_device.outnoninterleave)
+            {
+                int n = outchannels * DEFDACBLKSIZE;
+                for (i = 0, fp1 = fp; i < n; i++)
+                {
+                    float s1 = *fp1 * INT32_MAX;
+                    ((t_alsa_sample32 *)alsa_snd_buf)[i] = CLIP32(s1);
+                }
+                n = alsa_outchannels * DEFDACBLKSIZE;
+                for (; i < n; i++)
+                    ((t_alsa_sample32 *)alsa_snd_buf)[i] = 0;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                for (i = 0, fp1 = fp; i < outchannels; i++,
+                    fp1 += DEFDACBLKSIZE)
+                {
+                    for (j = i, k = DEFDACBLKSIZE, fp2 = fp1; k--;
+                         j += alsa_outchannels, fp2++)
+                    {
+                        float s1 = *fp2 * INT32_MAX;
+                        ((t_alsa_sample32 *)alsa_snd_buf)[j] = CLIP32(s1);
+                    } 
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            for (i = 0, fp1 = fp; i < outchannels; i++, fp1 += DEFDACBLKSIZE)
+            {
+                for (j = i, k = DEFDACBLKSIZE, fp2 = fp1; k--;
+                     j += alsa_outchannels, fp2++)
+                {
+                    int s = *fp2 * 32767.;
+                    if (s > 32767)
+                        s = 32767;
+                    else if (s < -32767)
+                        s = -32767;
+                    ((t_alsa_sample16 *)alsa_snd_buf)[j] = s;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (alsa_device.outnoninterleave)
+            result = snd_pcm_writen(alsa_device.outhandle, alsa_buf_ptrs,
+                outtransfersize);
+        else result = snd_pcm_writei(alsa_device.outhandle, alsa_snd_buf,
+                outtransfersize);
+
+        if (result != (int)outtransfersize)
+        {
+    #ifdef DEBUG_ALSA_XFER
+            if (result >= 0 || errno == EAGAIN)
+                fprintf(stderr, "ALSA: write returned %d of %d\n",
+                        result, outtransfersize);
+            else fprintf(stderr, "ALSA: write: %s\n",
+                         snd_strerror(errno));
+            fprintf(stderr,
+                    "inputcount %d, outputcount %d, outbufsize %d\n",
+                    inputcount, outputcount, 
+                    (ALSA_EXTRABUFFER + sys_advance_samples)
+                    * alsa_samplewidth * outchannels);
+    #endif
+            sys_log_error(ERR_DACSLEPT);
+            return (SENDDACS_NO);
+        }
+
+        /* zero out the output buffer */
+        memset(sys_soundout, 0, DEFDACBLKSIZE * sizeof(*sys_soundout) *
+               sys_outchannels);
+        if (sys_getrealtime() - timenow > 0.002)
+        {
+    #ifdef DEBUG_ALSA_XFER
+            fprintf(stderr, "output %d took %d msec\n",
+                    callno, (int)(1000 * (timenow - timelast))), fflush(stderr);
+    #endif
+            timenow = sys_getrealtime();
+            sys_log_error(ERR_DACSLEPT);
+        }
+    }
+    /* do input */
+    if (alsa_inchannels)
+    {
+        if (alsa_device.innoninterleave)
+            result = snd_pcm_readn(alsa_device.inhandle, alsa_buf_ptrs,
+                intransfersize);
+        else result = snd_pcm_readi(alsa_device.inhandle, alsa_snd_buf,
+                intransfersize);
+        if (result < (int)intransfersize)
+        {
+#ifdef DEBUG_ALSA_XFER
+            if (result < 0)
+                fprintf(stderr,
+                        "snd_pcm_read %d %d: %s\n", 
+                        callno, xferno, snd_strerror(errno));
+            else fprintf(stderr,
+                         "snd_pcm_read %d %d returned only %d\n", 
+                         callno, xferno, result);
+            fprintf(stderr,
+                    "inputcount %d, outputcount %d, inbufsize %d\n",
+                    inputcount, outputcount, 
+                    (ALSA_EXTRABUFFER + sys_advance_samples)
+                    * alsa_samplewidth * inchannels);
+#endif
+            sys_log_error(ERR_ADCSLEPT);
+            return (SENDDACS_NO);
+        }
+        fp = sys_soundin;
+        if (alsa_samplewidth == 4)
+        {
+            if (alsa_device.innoninterleave)
+            {
+                int n = inchannels * DEFDACBLKSIZE;
+                for (i = 0, fp1 = fp; i < n; i++)
+                    *fp1 = (float) ((t_alsa_sample32 *)alsa_snd_buf)[i]
+                            * (1./ INT32_MAX);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                for (i = 0, fp1 = fp; i < inchannels;
+                    i++, fp1 += DEFDACBLKSIZE)
+                {
+                    for (j = i, k = DEFDACBLKSIZE, fp2 = fp1; k--;
+                         j += alsa_inchannels, fp2++)
+                        *fp2 = (float) ((t_alsa_sample32 *)alsa_snd_buf)[j]
+                            * (1./ INT32_MAX);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            for (i = 0, fp1 = fp; i < inchannels; i++, fp1 += DEFDACBLKSIZE)
+            {
+                for (j = i, k = DEFDACBLKSIZE, fp2 = fp1; k--;
+                    j += alsa_inchannels, fp2++)
+                        *fp2 = (float) ((t_alsa_sample16 *)alsa_snd_buf)[j]
+                            * 3.051850e-05;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    xferno++;
+    if (sys_getrealtime() - timenow > 0.002)
+    {
+#ifdef DEBUG_ALSA_XFER
+        fprintf(stderr, "routine took %d msec\n",
+            (int)(1000 * (sys_getrealtime() - timenow)));
+#endif
+        sys_log_error(ERR_ADCSLEPT);
+    }
+    return SENDDACS_YES;
+}
+
+void alsa_printstate( void)
+{
+    int i, result;
+    snd_pcm_sframes_t indelay, outdelay;
+    if (sys_audioapi != API_ALSA)
+    {
+        error("restart-audio: implemented for ALSA only.");
+        return;
+    }
+    if (sys_inchannels)
+    {
+        result = snd_pcm_delay(alsa_device.inhandle, &indelay);
+        if (result < 0)
+            post("snd_pcm_delay 1 failed");
+        else post("in delay %d", indelay);
+    }
+    if (sys_outchannels)
+    {
+        result = snd_pcm_delay(alsa_device.outhandle, &outdelay);
+        if (result < 0)
+            post("snd_pcm_delay 2 failed");
+        else post("out delay %d", outdelay);
+    }
+    post("sum %d (%d mod 64)\n", indelay + outdelay, (indelay+outdelay)%64);
+
+    post("buf samples %d", alsa_buf_samps);
+}
+
+
+void alsa_resync( void)
+{
+    int i, result;
+    if (sys_audioapi != API_ALSA)
+    {
+        error("restart-audio: implemented for ALSA only.");
+        return;
+    }
+    memset(alsa_snd_buf, 0,
+        sizeof(char) * alsa_samplewidth * DEFDACBLKSIZE * sys_outchannels);
+    for (i = 0; i < 1000000; i++)
+    {
+        if (alsa_device.outnoninterleave)
+            result = snd_pcm_writen(alsa_device.outhandle, alsa_buf_ptrs,
+                DEFDACBLKSIZE);
+        else result = snd_pcm_writei(alsa_device.outhandle, alsa_snd_buf,
+                DEFDACBLKSIZE);
+        if (result != (int)DEFDACBLKSIZE)
+            break;
+    }
+    post("%d written", i);
+}
+
+void alsa_putzeros(int n)
+{
+    int i, result;
+    memset(alsa_snd_buf, 0,
+        sizeof(char) * alsa_samplewidth * DEFDACBLKSIZE * alsa_outchannels);
+    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+    {
+        if (alsa_device.outnoninterleave)
+            result = snd_pcm_writen(alsa_device.outhandle, alsa_buf_ptrs,
+                DEFDACBLKSIZE);
+        else result = snd_pcm_writei(alsa_device.outhandle, alsa_snd_buf,
+                DEFDACBLKSIZE);
+#if 0
+        if (result != DEFDACBLKSIZE)
+            post("result %d", result);
+#endif
+    }
+    /* post ("putzeros %d", n); */
+}
+
+void alsa_getzeros(int n)
+{
+    int i, result;
+    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+    {
+        result = snd_pcm_readi(alsa_device.inhandle, alsa_snd_buf,
+            DEFDACBLKSIZE);
+#if 0
+        if (result != DEFDACBLKSIZE)
+            post("result %d", result);
+#endif
+    }
+    /* post ("getzeros %d", n); */
+}
+
+    /* call this only if both input and output are open */
+static void alsa_checkiosync( void)
+{
+    int i, result, checkit = 1, giveup = 1000, alreadylogged = 0;
+    snd_pcm_sframes_t indelay, outdelay, defect;
+
+    if (!(alsa_outchannels && alsa_inchannels))
+        return;
+    while (checkit)
+    {
+        checkit = 0;
+        if (giveup-- <= 0)
+            return;
+        result = snd_pcm_delay(alsa_device.outhandle, &outdelay);
+        if (result < 0)
+        {
+            post("output snd_pcm_delay failed: %s", snd_strerror(result));
+            if (snd_pcm_status(alsa_device.outhandle, out_status) < 0)
+                post("output snd_pcm_status failed");
+            else post("astate %d",
+                 snd_pcm_status_get_state(out_status));
+            return;
+        }
+        if (outdelay < 0)
+            sys_log_error(ERR_DATALATE), alreadylogged = 1;
+
+        if (sys_inchannels)
+        {
+            result = snd_pcm_delay(alsa_device.inhandle, &indelay);
+            if (result < 0)
+            {
+                post("input snd_pcm_delay failed");
+                return;
+            }
+            defect = indelay + outdelay - alsa_buf_samps;
+            if (defect < -(3 * DEFDACBLKSIZE / 2) )
+            {
+                checkit = 1;
+                alsa_putzeros(1);
+                if (!alreadylogged)
+                    sys_log_error(ERR_RESYNC), alreadylogged = 1;
+            }
+            else if (defect > 0)
+            {
+                checkit = 1;
+                alsa_getzeros(1);           
+                if (!alreadylogged)
+                    sys_log_error(ERR_RESYNC), alreadylogged = 1;
+            }
+            /* if (alreadylogged)
+                post("in %d out %d defect %d", indelay, outdelay, defect); */
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static int alsa_nnames = 0;
+static char **alsa_names = 0;
+
+void alsa_adddev(char *name)
+{
+    if (alsa_nnames)
+        alsa_names = (char **)t_resizebytes(alsa_names,
+            alsa_nnames * sizeof(char *),
+            (alsa_nnames+1) * sizeof(char *));
+    else alsa_names = (char **)t_getbytes(sizeof(char *));
+    alsa_names[alsa_nnames] = gensym(name)->s_name;
+    alsa_nnames++;
+}
+
+static void alsa_numbertoname(int devno, char *devname, int nchar)
+{
+    int ndev = 0, cardno = -1;
+    while (!snd_card_next(&cardno) && cardno >= 0)
+        ndev++;
+    if (devno < 2*ndev)
+    {
+        if (devno & 1)
+            snprintf(devname, nchar, "plughw:%d", devno/2);
+        else snprintf(devname, nchar, "hw:%d", devno/2);
+    }
+    else if (devno <2*ndev + alsa_nnames)
+        snprintf(devname, nchar, "%s", alsa_names[devno - 2*ndev]);
+    else snprintf(devname, nchar, "???");
+}
+
+    /* For each hardware card found, we list two devices, the "hard" and
+    "plug" one.  The card scan is derived from portaudio code. */
+void alsa_getdevs(char *indevlist, int *nindevs,
+    char *outdevlist, int *noutdevs, int *canmulti, 
+        int maxndev, int devdescsize)
+{
+    int ndev = 0, cardno = -1, i, j;
+    *canmulti = 0;  /* only one device; must be the same for input&output */
+    while (!snd_card_next(&cardno) && cardno >= 0)
+    {
+        snd_ctl_t *ctl;
+        snd_ctl_card_info_t *info;
+        char devname[80];
+        const char *desc;
+        if (2 * ndev + 2  > maxndev)
+            break;
+            /* apparently, "cardno" is just a counter; but check that here */
+        if (ndev != cardno)
+            fprintf(stderr, "oops: ALSA cards not reported in order?\n");
+        sprintf(devname, "hw:%d", cardno );
+        /* fprintf(stderr, "\ntry %s...\n", devname); */
+        if (snd_ctl_open(&ctl, devname, 0) >= 0)
+        {
+            snd_ctl_card_info_malloc(&info);
+            snd_ctl_card_info(ctl, info);
+            desc = snd_ctl_card_info_get_name(info);
+            snd_ctl_card_info_free(info);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            fprintf(stderr, "ALSA card scan error\n");
+            desc = "???";
+        }
+        /* fprintf(stderr, "name: %s\n", snd_ctl_card_info_get_name(info)); */
+        sprintf(indevlist + 2*ndev * devdescsize, "%s (hardware)", desc);
+        sprintf(indevlist + (2*ndev + 1) * devdescsize, "%s (plug-in)", desc);
+        sprintf(outdevlist + 2*ndev * devdescsize, "%s (hardware)", desc);
+        sprintf(outdevlist + (2*ndev + 1) * devdescsize, "%s (plug-in)", desc);
+        ndev++;
+    }
+    for (i = 0, j = 2*ndev; i < alsa_nnames; i++, j++)
+    {
+        if (j >= maxndev)
+            break;
+        snprintf(indevlist + j * devdescsize, devdescsize, "%s", 
+            alsa_names[i]);
+    }
+    *nindevs = *noutdevs = j;
+}
+/* Copyright (c) 1997-2003 Guenter Geiger, Miller Puckette, Larry Troxler,
+* Winfried Ritsch, Karl MacMillan, and others.
+* For information on usage and redistribution, and for a DISCLAIMER OF ALL
+* WARRANTIES, see the file, "LICENSE.txt," in this distribution.  */
+
+/* this file inputs and outputs audio using the ALSA API available on linux. */
+
+#include <alsa/asoundlib.h>
+
+#include "m_pd.h"
+#include "s_stuff.h"
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sched.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+
+typedef int16_t t_alsa_sample16;
+typedef int32_t t_alsa_sample32;
+#define ALSA_SAMPLEWIDTH_16 sizeof(t_alsa_sample16)
+#define ALSA_SAMPLEWIDTH_32 sizeof(t_alsa_sample32)
+#define ALSA_XFERSIZE16  (signed int)(sizeof(t_alsa_sample16) * DEFDACBLKSIZE)
+#define ALSA_XFERSIZE32  (signed int)(sizeof(t_alsa_sample32) * DEFDACBLKSIZE)
+#define ALSA_MAXDEV 1
+#define ALSA_JITTER 1024
+#define ALSA_EXTRABUFFER 2048
+#define ALSA_DEFFRAGSIZE 64
+#define ALSA_DEFNFRAG 12
+
+#ifndef INT32_MAX
+#define INT32_MAX 0x7fffffff
+#endif
+
+#if (SND_LIB_MAJOR < 1)
+#define ALSAAPI9
+#endif
+
+typedef struct _alsa_dev
+{
+    snd_pcm_t *inhandle;
+    snd_pcm_t *outhandle;
+    int innoninterleave;    /* true if we're set for noninterleaved read */
+    int outnoninterleave;   /* same for write */
+} t_alsa_dev;
+
+t_alsa_dev alsa_device;
+static void *alsa_snd_buf = 0;
+static void **alsa_buf_ptrs;
+static int alsa_samplewidth;
+static snd_pcm_status_t* in_status;
+static snd_pcm_status_t* out_status;
+
+static int alsa_mode;
+static int alsa_buf_samps;  /* believed actual ALSA bufsize in sample frames */
+static int alsa_inchannels;
+static int alsa_outchannels;
+
+/* Defines */
+#define DEBUG(x) x
+#define DEBUG2(x) {x;}
+
+static void alsa_checkiosync( void);
+static void alsa_numbertoname(int devno, char *devname, int nchar);
+
+    /* don't assume we can turn all 31 bits when doing float-to-fix; 
+    otherwise some audio drivers (e.g. Midiman/ALSA) wrap around. */
+#define FMAX 0x7ffff000
+#define CLIP32(x) (((x)>FMAX)?FMAX:((x) < -FMAX)?-FMAX:(x))
+
+/* support for ALSA pcmv2 api by Karl MacMillan<karlmac@peabody.jhu.edu> */ 
+
+static void check_error(int err, const char *why)
+{
+    if (err < 0)
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", why, snd_strerror(err));
+}
+
+/* was: alsa_open_audio(int wantinchans, int wantoutchans, int srate) */
+
+int alsa_open_audio(int naudioindev, int *audioindev, int nchindev,
+    int *chindev, int naudiooutdev, int *audiooutdev, int nchoutdev,
+    int *choutdev, int rate)
+{
+    int err, inchans = 0, outchans = 0, subunitdir;
+    char devname[512];
+    snd_pcm_hw_params_t* hw_params;
+    snd_pcm_sw_params_t* sw_params;
+    snd_output_t* out;
+    int frag_size = (sys_blocksize ? sys_blocksize : ALSA_DEFFRAGSIZE);
+    int nfrags, i;
+    short* tmp_buf;
+    unsigned int tmp_uint;
+    snd_pcm_uframes_t tmp_snd_pcm_uframes;
+    int wantinchans, wantoutchans, devno;
+
+    if (naudioindev >= 2 || naudiooutdev >= 2)
+        post("alsa: only one input and output device allowed (extras ignored");
+    if (naudioindev >= 1 && naudiooutdev >= 1 &&
+        audioindev[0] != audiooutdev[0])
+            post("alsa: changing output device to agree with input device");
+    if (nchindev)
+        wantinchans = chindev[0];
+    else wantinchans = (naudioindev ? 2 : 0);
+    if (nchoutdev)
+        wantoutchans = choutdev[0];
+    else wantoutchans = (naudiooutdev ? 2 : 0);
+    devno = (naudioindev > 0 ? audioindev[0] :
+        (naudiooutdev > 0 ? audiooutdev[0] : 0));
+
+    alsa_numbertoname(devno, devname, 512);
+
+    if (sys_verbose)
+        post("device name %s; channels in %d, out %d", devname, wantinchans,
+            wantoutchans);
+    
+    nfrags = sys_schedadvance * (float)rate / (1e6 * frag_size);
+        /* save our belief as to ALSA's buffer size for later */
+    alsa_buf_samps = nfrags * frag_size;
+
+    if (sys_verbose)
+        post("audio buffer set to %d", (int)(0.001 * sys_schedadvance));
+    
+    alsa_device.innoninterleave = alsa_device.outnoninterleave = 0;
+    if (wantinchans)
+    {
+        err = snd_pcm_open(&alsa_device.inhandle, devname,
+                           SND_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE, SND_PCM_NONBLOCK);
+
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_open (input)");
+        if (err < 0)
+            inchans = 0;
+        else
+        {
+            inchans = wantinchans;
+            snd_pcm_nonblock(alsa_device.inhandle, 1);
+        }
+    }
+    if (wantoutchans)
+    {
+        err = snd_pcm_open(&alsa_device.outhandle, devname,
+                           SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK, SND_PCM_NONBLOCK);
+
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_open (output)");
+        if (err < 0)
+            outchans = 0;
+        else
+        {
+            outchans = wantoutchans;
+            snd_pcm_nonblock(alsa_device.outhandle, 1);
+        }
+    }
+    if (inchans)
+    {
+        if (sys_verbose)
+            post("opening sound input...");
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_malloc(&hw_params);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_malloc (input)");
+    
+        // get the default params
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_any(alsa_device.inhandle, hw_params);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_any (input)");
+
+        /* try to set interleaved access */
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access(alsa_device.inhandle,
+            hw_params, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED);
+        if (err < 0)
+        {
+                /* OK, so try non-interleaved */
+            err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access(alsa_device.inhandle,
+                hw_params, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_NONINTERLEAVED);
+            if (err >= 0)
+            {
+                post("using non-interleaved audio input");
+                alsa_device.innoninterleave = 1;
+            }
+        }
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access (input)");
+        // Try to set 32 bit format first
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(alsa_device.inhandle, hw_params,
+                                           SND_PCM_FORMAT_S32);
+        if (err < 0)
+        {
+            /* fprintf(stderr,
+                "PD-ALSA: 32 bit format not available - using 16\n"); */
+            err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(alsa_device.inhandle, hw_params,
+                                               SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16);
+            check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format (input)");
+            alsa_samplewidth = 2;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            alsa_samplewidth = 4;
+        }
+        post("Sample width set to %d bytes", alsa_samplewidth);
+        // set the subformat
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_subformat(alsa_device.inhandle, hw_params,
+                                              SND_PCM_SUBFORMAT_STD);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_subformat (input)");
+        // set the number of channels
+        tmp_uint = inchans;
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels_min(alsa_device.inhandle,
+                                                 hw_params, &tmp_uint);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels (input)");
+        if (tmp_uint != (unsigned)inchans)
+            post("ALSA: set input channels to %d", tmp_uint);
+        inchans = tmp_uint;
+        // set the sampling rate
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_min(alsa_device.inhandle, hw_params,
+                                             &rate, 0);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_min (input)");
+#if 0
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_get_rate(hw_params, &subunitdir);
+        post("input sample rate %d", err);
+#endif
+        // set the period - ie frag size
+        // post("fragsize a %d", frag_size);
+
+            /* LATER try this to get a recommended period size...
+             right now, it trips an assertion failure in ALSA lib */
+#if 0
+        post("input period was %d, min %d, max %d\n",
+            snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size(hw_params, 0),
+            snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size_min(hw_params, 0),
+            snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size_max(hw_params, 0));
+#endif
+#ifdef ALSAAPI9
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near(alsa_device.inhandle,
+                                                    hw_params, 
+                                                    (snd_pcm_uframes_t)
+                                                    frag_size, 0);
+#else
+        tmp_snd_pcm_uframes = frag_size;
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near(alsa_device.inhandle,
+            hw_params, &tmp_snd_pcm_uframes, 0);
+#endif
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near (input)");
+        // post("fragsize b %d", frag_size);
+        // set the number of periods - ie numfrags
+        // post("nfrags a %d", nfrags);
+#ifdef ALSAAPI9
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_near(alsa_device.inhandle,
+                                                hw_params, nfrags, 0);
+#else
+        tmp_uint = nfrags;
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_near(alsa_device.inhandle,
+            hw_params, &tmp_uint, 0);
+#endif
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_near (input)");
+        // set the buffer size
+#ifdef ALSAAPI9
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_size_near(alsa_device.inhandle,
+                                                hw_params, nfrags * frag_size);
+#else
+        tmp_snd_pcm_uframes = nfrags * frag_size;
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_size_near(alsa_device.inhandle,
+            hw_params, &tmp_snd_pcm_uframes);
+#endif
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_size_near (input)");
+
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params(alsa_device.inhandle, hw_params);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params (input)");
+        
+        snd_pcm_hw_params_free(hw_params);
+        
+        err = snd_pcm_sw_params_malloc(&sw_params);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_sw_params_malloc (input)");
+        err = snd_pcm_sw_params_current(alsa_device.inhandle, sw_params);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_sw_params_current (input)");
+        err = snd_pcm_sw_params_set_start_threshold(alsa_device.inhandle,
+            sw_params, nfrags * frag_size);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_sw_params_set_start_threshold (input)");
+        err = snd_pcm_sw_params_set_stop_threshold(alsa_device.inhandle,
+            sw_params, 0x7fffffff);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_sw_params_set_stop_threshold (input)");
+        err = snd_pcm_sw_params_set_avail_min(alsa_device.inhandle, sw_params,
+                                              frag_size);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_sw_params_set_avail_min (input)");
+        err = snd_pcm_sw_params(alsa_device.inhandle, sw_params);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_sw_params (input)");
+        
+        snd_pcm_sw_params_free(sw_params);
+        
+        snd_output_stdio_attach(&out, stderr, 0);
+#if 0
+        if (sys_verbose)
+        {
+            snd_pcm_dump_hw_setup(alsa_device.inhandle, out);
+            snd_pcm_dump_sw_setup(alsa_device.inhandle, out);
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+
+    if (outchans)
+    {
+        int foo;
+        if (sys_verbose)
+            post("opening sound output...");
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_malloc(&hw_params);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_sw_params (output)");
+
+        // get the default params
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_any(alsa_device.outhandle, hw_params);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_any (output)");
+        // set interleaved access - FIXME deal with other access types
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access(alsa_device.outhandle, hw_params,
+                                           SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access (output)");
+
+            /* try to set interleaved access */
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access(alsa_device.outhandle,
+            hw_params, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED);
+        if (err < 0)
+        {
+                /* OK, so try non-interleaved */
+            err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access(alsa_device.outhandle,
+                hw_params, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_NONINTERLEAVED);
+            if (err >= 0)
+            {
+                post("using non-interleaved audio");
+                alsa_device.outnoninterleave = 1;
+            }
+        }
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access (output)");
+
+
+        // Try to set 32 bit format first
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(alsa_device.outhandle, hw_params,
+                                             SND_PCM_FORMAT_S32);
+        if (err < 0)
+        {
+            err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(alsa_device.outhandle,
+                                               hw_params,SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16);
+            check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format (output)");
+            /* fprintf(stderr,
+                "PD-ALSA: 32 bit format not available - using 16\n"); */
+            alsa_samplewidth = 2;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            alsa_samplewidth = 4;
+        }
+        // set the subformat
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_subformat(alsa_device.outhandle, hw_params,
+                                              SND_PCM_SUBFORMAT_STD);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_subformat (output)");
+        // set the number of channels
+        tmp_uint = outchans;
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels_min(alsa_device.outhandle,
+                                                 hw_params, &tmp_uint);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels (output)");
+        if (tmp_uint != (unsigned)outchans)
+            post("alsa: set output channels to %d", tmp_uint);
+        outchans = tmp_uint;
+        // set the sampling rate
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_min(alsa_device.outhandle, hw_params,
+                                             &rate, 0);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_min (output)");
+#if 0
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_get_rate(hw_params, &subunitdir);
+        post("output sample rate %d", err);
+#endif
+        // set the period - ie frag size
+#if 0
+        post("output period was %d, min %d, max %d\n",
+            snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size(hw_params, 0),
+            snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size_min(hw_params, 0),
+            snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size_max(hw_params, 0));
+#endif
+        // post("fragsize c %d", frag_size);
+#ifdef ALSAAPI9
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near(alsa_device.outhandle,
+                                                    hw_params,
+                                                    (snd_pcm_uframes_t)
+                                                    frag_size, 0);
+#else
+        tmp_snd_pcm_uframes = frag_size;
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near(alsa_device.outhandle,
+            hw_params, &tmp_snd_pcm_uframes, 0);
+#endif
+        // post("fragsize d %d", frag_size);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near (output)");
+        // set the number of periods - ie numfrags
+#ifdef ALSAAPI9
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_near(alsa_device.outhandle,
+                                                hw_params, nfrags, 0);
+#else
+        tmp_uint = nfrags;
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_near(alsa_device.outhandle,
+            hw_params, &tmp_uint, 0);
+#endif
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_near (output)");
+        // set the buffer size
+#ifdef ALSAAPI9
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_size_near(alsa_device.outhandle,
+            hw_params, nfrags * frag_size);
+#else
+        tmp_snd_pcm_uframes = nfrags * frag_size;
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_size_near(alsa_device.outhandle,
+            hw_params, &tmp_snd_pcm_uframes);
+#endif
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_size_near (output)");
+
+        err = snd_pcm_hw_params(alsa_device.outhandle, hw_params);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_hw_params (output)");
+
+        snd_pcm_hw_params_free(hw_params);
+
+        err = snd_pcm_sw_params_malloc(&sw_params);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_sw_params_malloc (output)");
+        err = snd_pcm_sw_params_current(alsa_device.outhandle, sw_params);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_sw_params_current (output)");
+        err = snd_pcm_sw_params_set_start_threshold(alsa_device.outhandle,
+            sw_params, nfrags * frag_size);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_sw_params_set_start_threshold (output)");
+        err = snd_pcm_sw_params_set_stop_threshold(alsa_device.outhandle,
+            sw_params, 0x7fffffff);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_sw_params_set_stop_threshold (output)");
+        err = snd_pcm_sw_params_set_avail_min(alsa_device.outhandle, sw_params,
+            frag_size);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_sw_params_set_avail_min (output)");
+        err = snd_pcm_sw_params(alsa_device.outhandle, sw_params);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_sw_params (output)");
+        snd_pcm_sw_params_free(sw_params);
+        
+        snd_output_stdio_attach(&out, stderr, 0);
+#if 0
+        if (sys_verbose)
+        {
+            snd_pcm_dump_hw_setup(alsa_device.outhandle, out);
+            snd_pcm_dump_sw_setup(alsa_device.outhandle, out);
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+
+    if (inchans)
+      snd_pcm_prepare(alsa_device.inhandle);
+    if (outchans)
+      snd_pcm_prepare(alsa_device.outhandle);
+
+    // if duplex we can link the channels so they start together
+    if (inchans && outchans)
+      snd_pcm_link(alsa_device.inhandle, alsa_device.outhandle);
+
+    // set up the status variables
+    err = snd_pcm_status_malloc(&in_status);
+    check_error(err, "snd_pcm_status_malloc");
+    err = snd_pcm_status_malloc(&out_status);
+    check_error(err, "snd_pcm_status_malloc");
+
+    // set up the buffer
+    if (alsa_snd_buf)
+        free(alsa_snd_buf);
+    alsa_snd_buf = (void *)malloc(
+        sizeof(char) * alsa_samplewidth * DEFDACBLKSIZE *
+            (outchans > inchans ? outchans : inchans));
+    memset(alsa_snd_buf, 0, sizeof(char) * alsa_samplewidth * DEFDACBLKSIZE *
+            (outchans > inchans ? outchans : inchans));
+        /* make an array of pointers too in case we need them */
+    if (alsa_buf_ptrs)
+        free(alsa_buf_ptrs);
+    alsa_buf_ptrs = (void **)malloc(
+        sizeof(void *) * (outchans > inchans ? outchans : inchans));
+    for (i = 0; i < (outchans > inchans ? outchans : inchans); i++)
+        alsa_buf_ptrs[i] = (t_alsa_sample32 *)alsa_snd_buf + i * DEFDACBLKSIZE;
+
+    // fill the buffer with silence
+    if (outchans)
+    {
+        i = (frag_size * nfrags)/DEFDACBLKSIZE + 1;
+        while (i--)
+        {
+            if (alsa_device.outnoninterleave)
+                snd_pcm_writen(alsa_device.outhandle, alsa_buf_ptrs,
+                    DEFDACBLKSIZE);
+            else snd_pcm_writei(alsa_device.outhandle, alsa_snd_buf,
+                    DEFDACBLKSIZE);
+        }
+                /* confused about this: */
+        /* if ((err = snd_pcm_start(alsa_device.outhandle) < 0))
+            check_error(err, "output start failed\n"); */
+    }
+    else if (inchans)
+    {
+        if (snd_pcm_start(alsa_device.inhandle) < 0)
+            check_error(err, "input start failed\n");
+    }
+    alsa_outchannels = outchans;
+    alsa_inchannels = inchans;
+            
+    return (!(inchans || outchans));
+}
+
+void alsa_close_audio(void)
+{
+    int err;
+    if (alsa_inchannels)
+    {
+        err = snd_pcm_close(alsa_device.inhandle);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_close (input)");
+    }
+    if (alsa_outchannels)
+    {
+        err = snd_pcm_close(alsa_device.outhandle);
+        check_error(err, "snd_pcm_close (output)");
+    }
+}
+
+// #define DEBUG_ALSA_XFER
+
+int alsa_send_dacs(void)
+{
+    static int16_t *sp;
+    static int xferno = 0;
+    static int callno = 0;
+    static double timenow;
+    double timelast;
+    t_sample *fp, *fp1, *fp2;
+    int i, j, k, err, devno = 0;
+    int inputcount = 0, outputcount = 0, inputlate = 0, outputlate = 0;
+    int result; 
+    int inchannels = (sys_inchannels > alsa_inchannels ?
+        alsa_inchannels : sys_inchannels);
+    int outchannels = (sys_outchannels > alsa_outchannels ?
+            alsa_outchannels : sys_outchannels);
+    unsigned int intransfersize = DEFDACBLKSIZE;
+    unsigned int outtransfersize = DEFDACBLKSIZE;
+
+    // get the status
+    if (!inchannels && !outchannels)
+    {
+        return SENDDACS_NO;
+    }
+    
+    timelast = timenow;
+    timenow = sys_getrealtime();
+
+#ifdef DEBUG_ALSA_XFER
+    if (timenow - timelast > 0.050)
+        fprintf(stderr, "(%d)",
+            (int)(1000 * (timenow - timelast))), fflush(stderr);
+#endif
+
+    callno++;
+
+    alsa_checkiosync();     /* check I/O are in sync and data not late */
+
+    if (alsa_inchannels)
+    {
+        snd_pcm_status(alsa_device.inhandle, in_status);
+        if (snd_pcm_status_get_avail(in_status) < intransfersize)
+            return SENDDACS_NO;
+    }
+    if (alsa_outchannels)
+    {
+        snd_pcm_status(alsa_device.outhandle, out_status);
+        if (snd_pcm_status_get_avail(out_status) < outtransfersize)
+            return SENDDACS_NO;
+    }
+
+    /* do output */
+    if (alsa_outchannels)
+    {
+        fp = sys_soundout;
+        if (alsa_samplewidth == 4)
+        {
+            if (alsa_device.outnoninterleave)
+            {
+                int n = outchannels * DEFDACBLKSIZE;
+                for (i = 0, fp1 = fp; i < n; i++)
+                {
+                    float s1 = *fp1 * INT32_MAX;
+                    ((t_alsa_sample32 *)alsa_snd_buf)[i] = CLIP32(s1);
+                }
+                n = alsa_outchannels * DEFDACBLKSIZE;
+                for (; i < n; i++)
+                    ((t_alsa_sample32 *)alsa_snd_buf)[i] = 0;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                for (i = 0, fp1 = fp; i < outchannels; i++,
+                    fp1 += DEFDACBLKSIZE)
+                {
+                    for (j = i, k = DEFDACBLKSIZE, fp2 = fp1; k--;
+                         j += alsa_outchannels, fp2++)
+                    {
+                        float s1 = *fp2 * INT32_MAX;
+                        ((t_alsa_sample32 *)alsa_snd_buf)[j] = CLIP32(s1);
+                    } 
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            for (i = 0, fp1 = fp; i < outchannels; i++, fp1 += DEFDACBLKSIZE)
+            {
+                for (j = i, k = DEFDACBLKSIZE, fp2 = fp1; k--;
+                     j += alsa_outchannels, fp2++)
+                {
+                    int s = *fp2 * 32767.;
+                    if (s > 32767)
+                        s = 32767;
+                    else if (s < -32767)
+                        s = -32767;
+                    ((t_alsa_sample16 *)alsa_snd_buf)[j] = s;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (alsa_device.outnoninterleave)
+            result = snd_pcm_writen(alsa_device.outhandle, alsa_buf_ptrs,
+                outtransfersize);
+        else result = snd_pcm_writei(alsa_device.outhandle, alsa_snd_buf,
+                outtransfersize);
+
+        if (result != (int)outtransfersize)
+        {
+    #ifdef DEBUG_ALSA_XFER
+            if (result >= 0 || errno == EAGAIN)
+                fprintf(stderr, "ALSA: write returned %d of %d\n",
+                        result, outtransfersize);
+            else fprintf(stderr, "ALSA: write: %s\n",
+                         snd_strerror(errno));
+            fprintf(stderr,
+                    "inputcount %d, outputcount %d, outbufsize %d\n",
+                    inputcount, outputcount, 
+                    (ALSA_EXTRABUFFER + sys_advance_samples)
+                    * alsa_samplewidth * outchannels);
+    #endif
+            sys_log_error(ERR_DACSLEPT);
+            return (SENDDACS_NO);
+        }
+
+        /* zero out the output buffer */
+        memset(sys_soundout, 0, DEFDACBLKSIZE * sizeof(*sys_soundout) *
+               sys_outchannels);
+        if (sys_getrealtime() - timenow > 0.002)
+        {
+    #ifdef DEBUG_ALSA_XFER
+            fprintf(stderr, "output %d took %d msec\n",
+                    callno, (int)(1000 * (timenow - timelast))), fflush(stderr);
+    #endif
+            timenow = sys_getrealtime();
+            sys_log_error(ERR_DACSLEPT);
+        }
+    }
+    /* do input */
+    if (alsa_inchannels)
+    {
+        if (alsa_device.innoninterleave)
+            result = snd_pcm_readn(alsa_device.inhandle, alsa_buf_ptrs,
+                intransfersize);
+        else result = snd_pcm_readi(alsa_device.inhandle, alsa_snd_buf,
+                intransfersize);
+        if (result < (int)intransfersize)
+        {
+#ifdef DEBUG_ALSA_XFER
+            if (result < 0)
+                fprintf(stderr,
+                        "snd_pcm_read %d %d: %s\n", 
+                        callno, xferno, snd_strerror(errno));
+            else fprintf(stderr,
+                         "snd_pcm_read %d %d returned only %d\n", 
+                         callno, xferno, result);
+            fprintf(stderr,
+                    "inputcount %d, outputcount %d, inbufsize %d\n",
+                    inputcount, outputcount, 
+                    (ALSA_EXTRABUFFER + sys_advance_samples)
+                    * alsa_samplewidth * inchannels);
+#endif
+            sys_log_error(ERR_ADCSLEPT);
+            return (SENDDACS_NO);
+        }
+        fp = sys_soundin;
+        if (alsa_samplewidth == 4)
+        {
+            if (alsa_device.innoninterleave)
+            {
+                int n = inchannels * DEFDACBLKSIZE;
+                for (i = 0, fp1 = fp; i < n; i++)
+                    *fp1 = (float) ((t_alsa_sample32 *)alsa_snd_buf)[i]
+                            * (1./ INT32_MAX);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                for (i = 0, fp1 = fp; i < inchannels;
+                    i++, fp1 += DEFDACBLKSIZE)
+                {
+                    for (j = i, k = DEFDACBLKSIZE, fp2 = fp1; k--;
+                         j += alsa_inchannels, fp2++)
+                        *fp2 = (float) ((t_alsa_sample32 *)alsa_snd_buf)[j]
+                            * (1./ INT32_MAX);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            for (i = 0, fp1 = fp; i < inchannels; i++, fp1 += DEFDACBLKSIZE)
+            {
+                for (j = i, k = DEFDACBLKSIZE, fp2 = fp1; k--;
+                    j += alsa_inchannels, fp2++)
+                        *fp2 = (float) ((t_alsa_sample16 *)alsa_snd_buf)[j]
+                            * 3.051850e-05;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    xferno++;
+    if (sys_getrealtime() - timenow > 0.002)
+    {
+#ifdef DEBUG_ALSA_XFER
+        fprintf(stderr, "routine took %d msec\n",
+            (int)(1000 * (sys_getrealtime() - timenow)));
+#endif
+        sys_log_error(ERR_ADCSLEPT);
+    }
+    return SENDDACS_YES;
+}
+
+void alsa_printstate( void)
+{
+    int i, result;
+    snd_pcm_sframes_t indelay, outdelay;
+    if (sys_audioapi != API_ALSA)
+    {
+        error("restart-audio: implemented for ALSA only.");
+        return;
+    }
+    if (sys_inchannels)
+    {
+        result = snd_pcm_delay(alsa_device.inhandle, &indelay);
+        if (result < 0)
+            post("snd_pcm_delay 1 failed");
+        else post("in delay %d", indelay);
+    }
+    if (sys_outchannels)
+    {
+        result = snd_pcm_delay(alsa_device.outhandle, &outdelay);
+        if (result < 0)
+            post("snd_pcm_delay 2 failed");
+        else post("out delay %d", outdelay);
+    }
+    post("sum %d (%d mod 64)\n", indelay + outdelay, (indelay+outdelay)%64);
+
+    post("buf samples %d", alsa_buf_samps);
+}
+
+
+void alsa_resync( void)
+{
+    int i, result;
+    if (sys_audioapi != API_ALSA)
+    {
+        error("restart-audio: implemented for ALSA only.");
+        return;
+    }
+    memset(alsa_snd_buf, 0,
+        sizeof(char) * alsa_samplewidth * DEFDACBLKSIZE * sys_outchannels);
+    for (i = 0; i < 1000000; i++)
+    {
+        if (alsa_device.outnoninterleave)
+            result = snd_pcm_writen(alsa_device.outhandle, alsa_buf_ptrs,
+                DEFDACBLKSIZE);
+        else result = snd_pcm_writei(alsa_device.outhandle, alsa_snd_buf,
+                DEFDACBLKSIZE);
+        if (result != (int)DEFDACBLKSIZE)
+            break;
+    }
+    post("%d written", i);
+}
+
+void alsa_putzeros(int n)
+{
+    int i, result;
+    memset(alsa_snd_buf, 0,
+        sizeof(char) * alsa_samplewidth * DEFDACBLKSIZE * alsa_outchannels);
+    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+    {
+        if (alsa_device.outnoninterleave)
+            result = snd_pcm_writen(alsa_device.outhandle, alsa_buf_ptrs,
+                DEFDACBLKSIZE);
+        else result = snd_pcm_writei(alsa_device.outhandle, alsa_snd_buf,
+                DEFDACBLKSIZE);
+#if 0
+        if (result != DEFDACBLKSIZE)
+            post("result %d", result);
+#endif
+    }
+    /* post ("putzeros %d", n); */
+}
+
+void alsa_getzeros(int n)
+{
+    int i, result;
+    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+    {
+        result = snd_pcm_readi(alsa_device.inhandle, alsa_snd_buf,
+            DEFDACBLKSIZE);
+#if 0
+        if (result != DEFDACBLKSIZE)
+            post("result %d", result);
+#endif
+    }
+    /* post ("getzeros %d", n); */
+}
+
+    /* call this only if both input and output are open */
+static void alsa_checkiosync( void)
+{
+    int i, result, checkit = 1, giveup = 1000, alreadylogged = 0;
+    snd_pcm_sframes_t indelay, outdelay, defect;
+
+    if (!(alsa_outchannels && alsa_inchannels))
+        return;
+    while (checkit)
+    {
+        checkit = 0;
+        if (giveup-- <= 0)
+            return;
+        result = snd_pcm_delay(alsa_device.outhandle, &outdelay);
+        if (result < 0)
+        {
+            post("output snd_pcm_delay failed: %s", snd_strerror(result));
+            if (snd_pcm_status(alsa_device.outhandle, out_status) < 0)
+                post("output snd_pcm_status failed");
+            else post("astate %d",
+                 snd_pcm_status_get_state(out_status));
+            return;
+        }
+        if (outdelay < 0)
+            sys_log_error(ERR_DATALATE), alreadylogged = 1;
+
+        if (sys_inchannels)
+        {
+            result = snd_pcm_delay(alsa_device.inhandle, &indelay);
+            if (result < 0)
+            {
+                post("input snd_pcm_delay failed");
+                return;
+            }
+            defect = indelay + outdelay - alsa_buf_samps;
+            if (defect < -(3 * DEFDACBLKSIZE / 2) )
+            {
+                checkit = 1;
+                alsa_putzeros(1);
+                if (!alreadylogged)
+                    sys_log_error(ERR_RESYNC), alreadylogged = 1;
+            }
+            else if (defect > 0)
+            {
+                checkit = 1;
+                alsa_getzeros(1);           
+                if (!alreadylogged)
+                    sys_log_error(ERR_RESYNC), alreadylogged = 1;
+            }
+            /* if (alreadylogged)
+                post("in %d out %d defect %d", indelay, outdelay, defect); */
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static int alsa_nnames = 0;
+static char **alsa_names = 0;
+
+void alsa_adddev(char *name)
+{
+    if (alsa_nnames)
+        alsa_names = (char **)t_resizebytes(alsa_names,
+            alsa_nnames * sizeof(char *),
+            (alsa_nnames+1) * sizeof(char *));
+    else alsa_names = (char **)t_getbytes(sizeof(char *));
+    alsa_names[alsa_nnames] = gensym(name)->s_name;
+    alsa_nnames++;
+}
+
+static void alsa_numbertoname(int devno, char *devname, int nchar)
+{
+    int ndev = 0, cardno = -1;
+    while (!snd_card_next(&cardno) && cardno >= 0)
+        ndev++;
+    if (devno < 2*ndev)
+    {
+        if (devno & 1)
+            snprintf(devname, nchar, "plughw:%d", devno/2);
+        else snprintf(devname, nchar, "hw:%d", devno/2);
+    }
+    else if (devno <2*ndev + alsa_nnames)
+        snprintf(devname, nchar, "%s", alsa_names[devno - 2*ndev]);
+    else snprintf(devname, nchar, "???");
+}
+
+    /* For each hardware card found, we list two devices, the "hard" and
+    "plug" one.  The card scan is derived from portaudio code. */
+void alsa_getdevs(char *indevlist, int *nindevs,
+    char *outdevlist, int *noutdevs, int *canmulti, 
+        int maxndev, int devdescsize)
+{
+    int ndev = 0, cardno = -1, i, j;
+    *canmulti = 0;  /* only one device; must be the same for input&output */
+    while (!snd_card_next(&cardno) && cardno >= 0)
+    {
+        snd_ctl_t *ctl;
+        snd_ctl_card_info_t *info;
+        char devname[80];
+        const char *desc;
+        if (2 * ndev + 2  > maxndev)
+            break;
+            /* apparently, "cardno" is just a counter; but check that here */
+        if (ndev != cardno)
+            fprintf(stderr, "oops: ALSA cards not reported in order?\n");
+        sprintf(devname, "hw:%d", cardno );
+        /* fprintf(stderr, "\ntry %s...\n", devname); */
+        if (snd_ctl_open(&ctl, devname, 0) >= 0)
+        {
+            snd_ctl_card_info_malloc(&info);
+            snd_ctl_card_info(ctl, info);
+            desc = snd_ctl_card_info_get_name(info);
+            snd_ctl_card_info_free(info);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            fprintf(stderr, "ALSA card scan error\n");
+            desc = "???";
+        }
+        /* fprintf(stderr, "name: %s\n", snd_ctl_card_info_get_name(info)); */
+        sprintf(indevlist + 2*ndev * devdescsize, "%s (hardware)", desc);
+        sprintf(indevlist + (2*ndev + 1) * devdescsize, "%s (plug-in)", desc);
+        sprintf(outdevlist + 2*ndev * devdescsize, "%s (hardware)", desc);
+        sprintf(outdevlist + (2*ndev + 1) * devdescsize, "%s (plug-in)", desc);
+        ndev++;
+    }
+    for (i = 0, j = 2*ndev; i < alsa_nnames; i++, j++)
+    {
+        if (j >= maxndev)
+            break;
+        snprintf(indevlist + j * devdescsize, devdescsize, "%s", 
+            alsa_names[i]);
+    }
+    *nindevs = *noutdevs = j;
+}